Author:

Keywords:

Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, ADP-ribosylation, Alphavirus, Chikungunya virus, Coronavirus, Macrodomain, MARylation, Hydrolase, Interferon, PARP, Pattern recognition receptors, Signaling, ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR, INDUCIBLE POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE, INTERFERON-STIMULATED GENES, VIRAL MESSENGER-RNAS, SARS-UNIQUE DOMAIN, B-CELL LYMPHOMAS, NF-KAPPA-B, STRESS GRANULES, INNATE IMMUNITY, I INTERFERON, ADP Ribose Transferases, Interphase, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules, Virus Replication, Viruses, 0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 0606 Physiology, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 3101 Biochemistry and cell biology, 3205 Medical biochemistry and metabolomics, 3211 Oncology and carcinogenesis

Abstract:

The innate immune system, the primary defense mechanism of higher organisms against pathogens including viruses, senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In response to PAMPs, interferons (IFNs) are produced, allowing the host to react swiftly to viral infection. In turn the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) is induced. Their products disseminate the antiviral response. Among the ISGs conserved in many species are those encoding mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases (mono-ARTs). This prompts the question whether, and if so how, mono-ADP-ribosylation affects viral propagation. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases function as PAMP receptors and modify both host and viral proteins relevant for viral replication. Support for mono-ADP-ribosylation in virus-host interaction stems from the findings that some viruses encode mono-ADP-ribosylhydrolases, which antagonize cellular mono-ARTs. We summarize and discuss the evidence linking mono-ADP-ribosylation and the enzymes relevant to catalyze this reversible modification with the innate immune response as part of the arms race between host and viruses.