Global maps of soil temperature

Lembrechts, JJ; van den Hoogen, J; Aalto, J; Ashcroft, MB; De Frenne, P; Kemppinen, J; Kopecký, M; Luoto, M; Maclean, IMD; Crowther, TW; Bailey, JJ; Haesen, S; Klinges, DH; Niittynen, P; Scheffers, BR; Van Meerbeek, K; Aartsma, P; Abdalaze, O; Abedi, M; Aerts, R; Ahmadian, N; Ahrends, A; Alatalo, JM; Alexander, JM; Nina Allonsius, C; Altman, J; Ammann, C; Andres, C; Andrews, C; Ardö, J; Arriga, N; Arzac, A; Aschero, V; Assis, RL; Johann Assmann, J; Bader, MY; Bahalkeh, K; Barančok, P; Barrio, IC; Barros, A; Barthel, M; Basham, EW; Bauters, M; Bazzichetto, M; Belelli Marchesini, L; Bell, MC; Benavides, JC; Luis Benito Alonso, J; Berauer, BJ; Bjerke, JW; Björk, RG; Björkman, MP; Björnsdóttir, K; Blonder, B; Boeckx, P; Boike, J; Bokhorst, S; Brum, BNS; Brůna, J; Buchmann, N; Buysse, P; Luís Camargo, J; Campoe, OC; Candan, O; Canessa, R; Cannone, N; Carbognani, M; Carnicer, J; Casanova-Katny, A; Cesarz, S; Chojnicki, B; Choler, P; Chown, SL; Cifuentes, EF; Čiliak, M; Contador, T; Convey, P; Cooper, EJ; Cremonese, E; Curasi, SR; Curtis, R; Cutini, M; Johan Dahlberg, C; Daskalova, GN; Angel de Pablo, M; Della Chiesa, S; Dengler, J; Deronde, B; Descombes, P; Di Cecco, V; Di Musciano, M; Dick, J; Dimarco, RD; Dolezal, J; Dorrepaal, E; Dušek, J; Eisenhauer, N; Eklundh, L; Erickson, TE; Erschbamer, B; Eugster, W; Ewers, RM; Exton, DA; Fanin, N; Fazlioglu, F; Feigenwinter, I; Fenu, G; Ferlian, O; Rosa Fernández Calzado, M; Fernández-Pascual, E; Finckh, M; Finger Higgens, R; Forte, TGW; Freeman, EC; Frei, ER; Fuentes-Lillo, E; García, RA; García, MB; Géron, C; Gharun, M; Ghosn, D; Gigauri, K; Gobin, A; Goded, I; Goeckede, M; Gottschall, F; Goulding, K; Govaert, S; Jessen Graae, B; Greenwood, S; Greiser, C; Grelle, A; Guénard, B; Guglielmin, M; Guillemot, J; Haase, P; Haider, S; Halbritter, AH; Hamid, M; Hammerle, A; Hampe, A; Haugum, SV; Hederová, L; Heinesch, B; Helfter, C; Hepenstrick, D; Herberich, M; Herbst, M; Hermanutz, L; Hik, DS; Hoffrén, R; Homeier, J; Hörtnagl, L; Høye, TT; Hrbacek, F; Hylander, K; Iwata, H; Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, M; Jactel, H; Järveoja, J; Jastrzębowski, S; Jentsch, A; Jiménez, JJ; Jónsdóttir, IS; Jucker, T; Jump, AS; Juszczak, R; Kanka, R; Kašpar, V; Kazakis, G; Kelly, J; Khuroo, AA; Klemedtsson, L; Klisz, M; Kljun, N; Knohl, A; Kobler, J; Kollár, J; Kotowska, MM; Kovács, B; Kreyling, J; Lamprecht, A; Lang, SI; Larson, C; Larson, K; Laska, K; le Maire, G; Leihy, RI; Lens, L; Liljebladh, B; Lohila, A; Lorite, J; Loubet, B; Lynn, J; Macek, M; Mackenzie, R; Magliulo, E; Maier, R; Malfasi, F; Máliš, F; Man, M; Manca, G; Manco, A; Manise, T; Manolaki, P; Marciniak, F; Matula, R; Clara Mazzolari, A; Medinets, S; Medinets, V; Meeussen, C; Merinero, S; de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R; Meusburger, K; Meysman, FJR; Michaletz, ST; Milbau, A; Moiseev, D; Moiseev, P; Mondoni, A; Monfries, R; Montagnani, L; Moriana-Armendariz, M; Morra di Cella, U; Mörsdorf, M; Mosedale, JR; Muffler, L; Muñoz-Rojas, M; Myers, JA; Myers-Smith, IH; Nagy, L; Nardino, M; Naujokaitis-Lewis, I; Newling, E; Nicklas, L; Niedrist, G; Niessner, A; Nilsson, MB; Normand, S; Nosetto, MD; Nouvellon, Y; Nuñez, MA; Ogaya, R; Ogée, J; Okello, J; Olejnik, J; Eivind Olesen, J; Opedal, Ø; Orsenigo, S; Palaj, A; Pampuch, T; Panov, AV; Pärtel, M; Pastor, A; Pauchard, A; Pauli, H; Pavelka, M; Pearse, WD; Peichl, M; Pellissier, L; Penczykowski, RM; Penuelas, J; Petit Bon, M; Petraglia, A; Phartyal, SS; Phoenix, GK; Pio, C; Pitacco, A; Pitteloud, C; Plichta, R; Porro, F; Portillo-Estrada, M; Poulenard, J; Poyatos, R; Prokushkin, AS; Puchalka, R; Pușcaș, M; Radujković, D; Randall, K; Ratier Backes, A; Remmele, S; Remmers, W; Renault, D; Risch, AC; Rixen, C; Robinson, SA; Robroek, BJM; Rocha, AV; Rossi, C; Rossi, G; Roupsard, O; Rubtsov, AV; Saccone, P; Sagot, C; Sallo Bravo, J; Santos, CC; Sarneel, JM; Scharnweber, T; Schmeddes, J; Schmidt, M; Scholten, T; Schuchardt, M; Schwartz, N; Scott, T; Seeber, J; Cristina Segalin de Andrade, A; Seipel, T; Semenchuk, P; Senior, RA; Serra-Diaz, JM; Sewerniak, P; Shekhar, A; Sidenko, NV; Siebicke, L; Siegwart Collier, L; Simpson, E; Siqueira, DP; Sitková, Z; Six, J; Smiljanic, M; Smith, SW; Smith-Tripp, S; Somers, B; Vedel Sørensen, M; João L. L. Souza, J; Israel Souza, B; Souza Dias, A; Spasojevic, MJ; Speed, JDM; Spicher, F; Stanisci, A; Steinbauer, K; Steinbrecher, R; Steinwandter, M; Stemkovski, M; Stephan, JG; Stiegler, C; Stoll, S; Svátek, M; Svoboda, M; Tagesson, T; Tanentzap, AJ; Tanneberger, F; Theurillat, J; Thomas, HJD; Thomas, AD; Tielbörger, K; Tomaselli, M; Albert Treier, U; Trouillier, M; Dan Turtureanu, P; Tutton, R; Tyystjärvi, VA; Ueyama, M; Ujházy, K; Ujházyová, M; Uogintas, D; Urban, AV; Urban, J; Urbaniak, M; Ursu, T; Primo Vaccari, F; Van de Vondel, S; van den Brink, L; Van Geel, M; Vandvik, V; Vangansbeke, P; Varlagin, A; Veen, GF; Veenendaal, E; Venn, SE; Verbeeck, H; Verbrugggen, E; Verheijen, FGA; Villar, L; Vitale, L; Vittoz, P; Vives-Ingla, M; von Oppen, J; Walz, J; Wang, R; Wang, Y; Way, RG; Wedegärtner, REM; Weigel, R; Wild, J; Wilkinson, M; Wilmking, M; Wingate, L; Winkler, M; Wipf, S; Wohlfahrt, G; Xenakis, G; Yang, Y; Yu, Z; Yu, K; Zellweger, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, Z; Zhao, P; Ziemblińska, K; Zimmermann, R; Zong, S; Zyryanov, VI; Nijs, I; Lenoir, J

doi:10.1111/gcb.16060

Global maps of soil temperature

Author:

Lembrechts, JJ

van den Hoogen, J ; Aalto, J ; Ashcroft, MB ; De Frenne, P ; Kemppinen, J ; Kopecký, M ; Luoto, M ; Maclean, IMD ; Crowther, TW ; Bailey, JJ ; Haesen, S ; Klinges, DH ; Niittynen, P ; Scheffers, BR ; Van Meerbeek, K ; Aartsma, P ; Abdalaze, O ; Abedi, M ; Aerts, R ; Ahmadian, N ; Ahrends, A ; Alatalo, JM ; Alexander, JM ; Nina Allonsius, C ; Altman, J ; Ammann, C ; Andres, C ; Andrews, C ; Ardö, J ; Arriga, N ; Arzac, A ; Aschero, V ; Assis, RL ; Johann Assmann, J ; Bader, MY ; Bahalkeh, K ; Barančok, P ; Barrio, IC ; Barros, A ; Barthel, M ; Basham, EW ; Bauters, M ; Bazzichetto, M ; Belelli Marchesini, L ; Bell, MC ; Benavides, JC ; Luis Benito Alonso, J ; Berauer, BJ ; Bjerke, JW ; Björk, RG ; Björkman, MP ; Björnsdóttir, K ; Blonder, B ; Boeckx, P ; Boike, J ; Bokhorst, S ; Brum, BNS ; Brůna, J ; Buchmann, N ; Buysse, P ; Luís Camargo, J ; Campoe, OC ; Candan, O ; Canessa, R ; Cannone, N ; Carbognani, M ; Carnicer, J ; Casanova-Katny, A ; Cesarz, S ; Chojnicki, B ; Choler, P ; Chown, SL ; Cifuentes, EF ; Čiliak, M ; Contador, T ; Convey, P ; Cooper, EJ ; Cremonese, E ; Curasi, SR ; Curtis, R ; Cutini, M ; Johan Dahlberg, C ; Daskalova, GN ; Angel de Pablo, M ; Della Chiesa, S ; Dengler, J ; Deronde, B ; Descombes, P ; Di Cecco, V ; Di Musciano, M ; Dick, J ; Dimarco, RD ; Dolezal, J ; Dorrepaal, E ; Dušek, J ; Eisenhauer, N ; Eklundh, L ; Erickson, TE ; Erschbamer, B ; Eugster, W ; Ewers, RM ; Exton, DA ; Fanin, N ; Fazlioglu, F ; Feigenwinter, I ; Fenu, G ; Ferlian, O ; Rosa Fernández Calzado, M ; Fernández-Pascual, E ; Finckh, M ; Finger Higgens, R ; Forte, TGW ; Freeman, EC ; Frei, ER ; Fuentes-Lillo, E ; García, RA ; García, MB ; Géron, C ; Gharun, M ; Ghosn, D ; Gigauri, K ; Gobin, A ; Goded, I ; Goeckede, M ; Gottschall, F ; Goulding, K ; Govaert, S ; Jessen Graae, B ; Greenwood, S ; Greiser, C ; Grelle, A ; Guénard, B ; Guglielmin, M ; Guillemot, J ; Haase, P ; Haider, S ; Halbritter, AH ; Hamid, M ; Hammerle, A ; Hampe, A ; Haugum, SV ; Hederová, L ; Heinesch, B ; Helfter, C ; Hepenstrick, D ; Herberich, M ; Herbst, M ; Hermanutz, L ; Hik, DS ; Hoffrén, R ; Homeier, J ; Hörtnagl, L ; Høye, TT ; Hrbacek, F ; Hylander, K ; Iwata, H ; Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, M ; Jactel, H ; Järveoja, J ; Jastrzębowski, S ; Jentsch, A ; Jiménez, JJ ; Jónsdóttir, IS ; Jucker, T ; Jump, AS ; Juszczak, R ; Kanka, R ; Kašpar, V ; Kazakis, G ; Kelly, J ; Khuroo, AA ; Klemedtsson, L ; Klisz, M ; Kljun, N ; Knohl, A ; Kobler, J ; Kollár, J ; Kotowska, MM ; Kovács, B ; Kreyling, J ; Lamprecht, A ; Lang, SI ; Larson, C ; Larson, K ; Laska, K ; le Maire, G ; Leihy, RI ; Lens, L ; Liljebladh, B ; Lohila, A ; Lorite, J ; Loubet, B ; Lynn, J ; Macek, M ; Mackenzie, R ; Magliulo, E ; Maier, R ; Malfasi, F ; Máliš, F ; Man, M ; Manca, G ; Manco, A ; Manise, T ; Manolaki, P ; Marciniak, F ; Matula, R ; Clara Mazzolari, A ; Medinets, S ; Medinets, V ; Meeussen, C ; Merinero, S ; de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, R ; Meusburger, K ; Meysman, FJR ; Michaletz, ST ; Milbau, A ; Moiseev, D ; Moiseev, P ; Mondoni, A ; Monfries, R ; Montagnani, L ; Moriana-Armendariz, M ; Morra di Cella, U ; Mörsdorf, M ; Mosedale, JR ; Muffler, L ; Muñoz-Rojas, M ; Myers, JA ; Myers-Smith, IH ; Nagy, L ; Nardino, M ; Naujokaitis-Lewis, I ; Newling, E ; Nicklas, L ; Niedrist, G ; Niessner, A ; Nilsson, MB ; Normand, S ; Nosetto, MD ; Nouvellon, Y ; Nuñez, MA ; Ogaya, R ; Ogée, J ; Okello, J ; Olejnik, J ; Eivind Olesen, J ; Opedal, Ø ; Orsenigo, S ; Palaj, A ; Pampuch, T ; Panov, AV ; Pärtel, M ; Pastor, A ; Pauchard, A ; Pauli, H ; Pavelka, M ; Pearse, WD ; Peichl, M ; Pellissier, L ; Penczykowski, RM ; Penuelas, J ; Petit Bon, M ; Petraglia, A ; Phartyal, SS ; Phoenix, GK ; Pio, C ; Pitacco, A ; Pitteloud, C ; Plichta, R ; Porro, F ; Portillo-Estrada, M ; Poulenard, J ; Poyatos, R ; Prokushkin, AS ; Puchalka, R ; Pușcaș, M ; Radujković, D ; Randall, K ; Ratier Backes, A ; Remmele, S ; Remmers, W ; Renault, D ; Risch, AC ; Rixen, C ; Robinson, SA ; Robroek, BJM ; Rocha, AV ; Rossi, C ; Rossi, G ; Roupsard, O ; Rubtsov, AV ; Saccone, P ; Sagot, C ; Sallo Bravo, J ; Santos, CC ; Sarneel, JM ; Scharnweber, T ; Schmeddes, J ; Schmidt, M ; Scholten, T ; Schuchardt, M ; Schwartz, N ; Scott, T ; Seeber, J ; Cristina Segalin de Andrade, A ; Seipel, T ; Semenchuk, P ; Senior, RA ; Serra-Diaz, JM ; Sewerniak, P ; Shekhar, A ; Sidenko, NV ; Siebicke, L ; Siegwart Collier, L ; Simpson, E ; Siqueira, DP ; Sitková, Z ; Six, J ; Smiljanic, M ; Smith, SW ; Smith-Tripp, S ; Somers, B ; Vedel Sørensen, M ; João L. L. Souza, J ; Israel Souza, B ; Souza Dias, A ; Spasojevic, MJ ; Speed, JDM ; Spicher, F ; Stanisci, A ; Steinbauer, K ; Steinbrecher, R ; Steinwandter, M ; Stemkovski, M ; Stephan, JG ; Stiegler, C ; Stoll, S ; Svátek, M ; Svoboda, M ; Tagesson, T ; Tanentzap, AJ ; Tanneberger, F ; Theurillat, J ; Thomas, HJD ; Thomas, AD ; Tielbörger, K ; Tomaselli, M ; Albert Treier, U ; Trouillier, M ; Dan Turtureanu, P ; Tutton, R ; Tyystjärvi, VA ; Ueyama, M ; Ujházy, K ; Ujházyová, M ; Uogintas, D ; Urban, AV ; Urban, J ; Urbaniak, M ; Ursu, T ; Primo Vaccari, F ; Van de Vondel, S ; van den Brink, L ; Van Geel, M ; Vandvik, V ; Vangansbeke, P ; Varlagin, A ; Veen, GF ; Veenendaal, E ; Venn, SE ; Verbeeck, H ; Verbrugggen, E ; Verheijen, FGA ; Villar, L ; Vitale, L ; Vittoz, P ; Vives-Ingla, M ; von Oppen, J ; Walz, J ; Wang, R ; Wang, Y ; Way, RG ; Wedegärtner, REM ; Weigel, R ; Wild, J ; Wilkinson, M ; Wilmking, M ; Wingate, L ; Winkler, M ; Wipf, S ; Wohlfahrt, G ; Xenakis, G ; Yang, Y ; Yu, Z ; Yu, K ; Zellweger, F ; Zhang, J ; Zhang, Z ; Zhao, P ; Ziemblińska, K ; Zimmermann, R ; Zong, S ; Zyryanov, VI ; Nijs, I ; Lenoir, J

Keywords:

bioclimatic variables, global maps, microclimate, near-surface temperatures, soil temperature, soil-dwelling organisms, temperature offset, weather stations, Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Biodiversity Conservation, Ecology, Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity & Conservation, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, LITTER DECOMPOSITION, CLIMATIC CONTROLS, PLANT-RESPONSES, SNOW-COVER, MICROCLIMATE, PERMAFROST, FOREST, SUITABILITY, MITIGATION, MOISTURE, Climate Change, Ecosystem, Microclimate, Soil, Temperature, 05 Environmental Sciences, 06 Biological Sciences, 31 Biological sciences, 37 Earth sciences, 41 Environmental sciences

Abstract:

Abstract Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0?5 and 5?15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world?s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.