Author:

Keywords:

Ketone, Overreaching and overtraining, Exercise recovery, GDF15, Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Neurosciences, Physiology, Neurosciences & Neurology, ketone, overreaching and overtraining, exercise recovery, SYMPATHETIC-NERVOUS-SYSTEM, MAXIMAL POWER OUTPUT, OVERTRAINING SYNDROME, MUSCLE GLYCOGEN, CARBOHYDRATE SUPPLEMENTATION, AUTONOMIC IMBALANCE, KETOGENIC DIET, EXERCISE, PERFORMANCE, BODIES, Adolescent, Adult, Beverages, Bicycling, Biomarkers, Double-Blind Method, Endurance Training, Esters, Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Humans, Ketones, Male, Young Adult, 06 Biological Sciences, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, 31 Biological sciences, 32 Biomedical and clinical sciences, 42 Health sciences

Abstract:

It is well known that elevated blood ketones attenuate net muscle protein breakdown, as well as negate catabolic events, during energy deficit. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral ketones can blunt endurance training-induced overreaching. Fit male subjects participated in two daily training sessions (3 weeks, 6 days/week) while receiving either a ketone ester (KE, n=9) or a control drink (CON, n=9) following each session. Sustainable training load in week 3, as well as power output in the final 30 min of a 2 h standardized endurance session were 15% higher in KE than in CON (both p<0.05). KE inhibited the training-induced increase in nocturnal adrenaline (p<0.01) and noradrenaline (p<0.01) excretion, as well as blunted the decrease in resting (CON: -6 ± 2bpm; KE: +2 ± 3bpm, p<0.05), submaximal (CON: -15 ± 3bpm; KE: -7 ± 2bpm, p<0.05) and maximal (CON: -17 ± 2bpm; KE: -10 ± 2bpm, p<0.01) heart rate. Energy balance during the training period spontaneously turned negative in CON (-2135kJ/d), but not in KE (+198kJ/d). The training consistently increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), but ~2-fold more in CON than in KE (p<0.05). In addition, delta GDF15 correlated with the training-induced drop in maximal heart rate (r=0.60, p<0.001) and decrease in osteocalcin (r=0.61, p<0.01). Other measurements such as blood ACTH, cortisol, IL-6, leptin, ghrelin, and lymphocyte count, and muscle glycogen content, did not differentiate KE from CON. In conclusion, KE during strenuous endurance training attenuates the development of overreaching. We also identify GDF15 as a possible marker of overtraining.