Author:

Keywords:

Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Medicine, Research & Experimental, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Research & Experimental Medicine, CO2, bicarbonate, buffer capacity, acid and base dissolution, phase-heterogeneous, in vivo gastrointestinal buffering, DYNAMIC DISSOLUTION, RELEASE, PH, PRODUCTS, PERMEABILITY, SECRETION, PROFILES, BEHAVIOR, VOLUMES, TRACT, Bicarbonates, Buffers, Carbon Dioxide, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Computer Simulation, Drug Liberation, Humans, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Intestinal Absorption, Intestine, Small, Models, Biological, Phase Transition, 0303 Macromolecular and Materials Chemistry, 1115 Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3214 Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences

Abstract:

The bicarbonate buffer capacity is usually considered in a phase-homogeneous system, at equilibrium, with no CO2 transfer between the liquid buffer phase and another phase. However, typically, an in vitro bicarbonate buffer-based system is a phase-heterogeneous system, as it entails continuously sparging (bubbling) the dissolution medium with CO2 in a gas mixture, at constant ratio, to maintain a constant partial pressure of CO2 (g) and CO2(aq) molarity at a prescribed value, with CO2 diffusing freely between the gas and the aqueous phases. The human gastrointestinal tract is also a phase-heterogeneous system, with CO2 diffusing across the mucosal membrane into the mesenteric arterial blood, which serves as a sink for CO2 from the intestinal lumen. In this report, a mass transport analysis of the apparent buffer capacity of a phase-heterogeneous bicarbonate-CO2 system is developed. It is shown that, most significantly, a phase-heterogeneous bicarbonate-CO2 system can have a much higher buffer capacity than a phase-homogeneous system such that the buffer capacity is dependent on the bicarbonate concentration. It is double that of a phase-homogeneous system at the pH = p Ka for a monoprotic buffer at the same concentration. This buffer capacity enhancement increases hyperbolically with pH above the p Ka, thus providing a much stronger buffering to keep the pH in the physiologically neutral range. The buffer capacity will be dependent on the bicarbonate molarity (which in vivo will depend on the bicarbonate secretion rate) and not the pH of the luminal fluid. Further, there is no conjugate acid accumulation as a result of bicarbonate neutralization, since the resulting carbonic acid (H2CO3) rapidly dehydrates producing CO2 and H2O. The mass transport analysis developed in this report is further supported by in vitro experimental results. This enhanced bicarbonate buffer capacity in a phase-heterogeneous system is of physiological significance as well as significant for the dissolution and absorption of ionizable drugs.