The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Khanh, Bao Tran; Lang, Justin J; Compton, Kelly; Xu, Rixing; Acheson, Alistair R; Henrikson, Hannah Jacqueline; Kocarnik, Jonathan M; Penberthy, Louise; Aali, Amirali; Abbas, Qamar; Abbasi, Behzad; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abdelmasseh, Michael; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Abdelwahab, Ahmed Abdelwahab; Abdoli, Gholamreza; Abdulkadir, Hanan Abdulkadir; Abedi, Aidin; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abidi, Hassan; Aboagye, Richard Gyan; Abolhassani, Hassan; Absalan, Abdorrahim; Abtew, Yonas Derso; Ali, Hiwa Abubaker; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Achappa, Basavaprabhu; Acuna, Juan Manuel; Addison, Daniel; Addo, Isaac Yeboah; Adegboye, Oyelola A; Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun; Adnan, Mohammad; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah; Advani, Shailesh M; Afrin, Sumia; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail; Aggarwal, Manik; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku; Ahmad, Araz Ramazan; Ahmad, Rizwan; Ahmad, Sohail; Ahmadi, Sepideh; Ahmed, Haroon; Ahmed, Luai A; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Rashid, Tarik Ahmed; Aiman, Wajeeha; Ajami, Marjan; Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse; Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa; Aklilu, Addis; Akonde, Maxwell; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Al Hamad, Hanadi; Alahdab, Fares; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M; Alessy, Saleh Ali; Algammal, Abdelazeem M; Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir; Ali, Liaqat; Ali, Syed Shujait; Alimohamadi, Yousef; Alipour, Vahid; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alkhayyat, Motasem; Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali; Almustanyir, Sami; Alonso, Nivaldo; Alqalyoobi, Shehabaldin; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M; Al-Rifai, Rami H Hani; Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah; Al-Tammemi, Alaa B; Altawalah, Haya; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Amare, Firehiwot; Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena; Dehkordi, Javad Javad Aminian; Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein; Amu, Hubert; Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderson, Jason A; Animut, Yaregal Animut; Anoushiravani, Amir; Anoushirvani, Ali Arash; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Ansha, Mustafa Geleto; Antony, Benny; Antwi, Maxwell Hubert; Anwar, Sumadi Lukman; Anwer, Razique; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aremu, Olatunde; Argaw, Ayele Mamo; Ariffin, Hany; Aripov, Timur; Arshad, Muhammad; Al, Artaman; Arulappan, Judie; Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo; Aryannejad, Armin; Asaad, Malke; Asemahagn, Mulusew A; Asemi, Zatollah; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad; Ashraf, Tahira; Assadi, Reza; Athar, Mohammad; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Null, Maha Mohd Wahbi Atout; Attia, Sameh; Aujayeb, Avinash; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Awedew, Atalel Fentahun; Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew; Awoke, Tewachew; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu; Ayen, Solomon Shitu; Azadi, Davood; Null, Sina Azadnajafabad; Azami-Aghdash, Saber; Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye; Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza; Jafari, Amirhossein Azari; Azizi, Hosein; Azzam, Ahmed YY; Babajani, Amirhesam; Badar, Muhammad; Badiye, Ashish D; Baghcheghi, Nayereh; Bagheri, Nader; Bagherieh, Sara; Bahadory, Saeed; Baig, Atif Amin; Baker, Jennifer L; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Indrajit; Bardhan, Mainak; Barone-Adesi, Francesco; Barra, Fabio; Barrow, Amadou; Bashir, Nasir Z; Bashiri, Azadeh; Basu, Saurav; Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad; Begum, Aeysha; Bekele, Alehegn Bekele; Belay, Alemayehu Sayih; Belete, Melaku Ashagrie; Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal; Bell, Arielle Wilder; Belo, Luis; Benzian, Habib; Berhie, Alemshet Yirga; Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Bharti Bhandari; Bhardwaj, Nikha; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S; Bhuyan, Soumitra S; Bibi, Sadia; Bilchut, Awraris Hailu; Bintoro, Bagas Suryo; Biondi, Antonio; Birega, Mesfin Geremaw Birega; Birhan, Habitu Eshetu; Bjorge, Tone; Blyuss, Oleg; Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Boloor, Archith; Bosetti, Cristina; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brauer, Michael; Brenner, Hermann; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Buchanan, Christina Maree; Bulamu, Norma B; Bustamante-Teixeira, Maria Teresa; Butt, Muhammad Hammad; Butt, Nadeem Shafique; Butt, Zahid A; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Camera, Luis Alberto; Cao, Chao; Cao, Yin; Carreras, Giulia; Carvalho, Marcia; Cembranel, Francieli; Cerin, Ester; Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo; Charalampous, Periklis; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Cho, William CS; Christopher, Devasahayam J; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chukwu, Isaac Sunday; Cohen, Aaron J; Conde, Joao; Cortas, Sandra; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cruz-Martins, Natalia; Culbreth, Garland T; Dadras, Omid; Dagnaw, Fentaw Teshome; Dahlawi, Saad MA; Dai, Xiaochen; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Danielewicz, Anna; An, Thi Minh Dao; Soltani, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Das, Saswati; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Esmaeili, Elham Davtalab; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio; Debela, Sisay Abebe; Dehghan, Azizallah; Demisse, Biniyam; Demisse, Fitsum Wolde; DenovaGutiA, Edgar; 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Etaee, Farshid; Etemadimanesh, Azin; Eyayu, Tahir; Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude; Ezzikouri, Sayeh; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis; Fahimi, Saman; Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich; Faraon, Emerito Jose A; Fares, Jawad; Farmany, Abbas; Farooque, Umar; Farrokhpour, Hossein; Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara; Fatehizadeh, Ali; Fatima, Wafa; Fattahi, Hamed; Fekadu, Ginenus; Feleke, Berhanu Elfu; Ferrari, Allegra Allegra; Ferrero, Simone; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Foroumadi, Roham; Foroutan, Masoud; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Gaal, Peter Andras; Gad, Mohamed M; Gadanya, Muktar A; Gaipov, Abduzhappar; Galehdar, Nasrin; Gallus, Silvano; Garg, Tushar; Fonseca, Mariana Gaspar; Gebremariam, Yosef Haile; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru; Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu; Geda, Yohannes Fikadu; Gela, Yibeltal Yismaw; Gemeda, Belete Negese Belete; Getachew, Melaku; Getachew, Motuma Erena; Ghaffari, Kazem; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Nour, Mohammad Ghasemi; Ghassemi, Fariba; Ghimire, Ajnish; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam; Navashenaq, Jamshid Gholizadeh; Ghozy, Sherief; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ginindza, Themba G; Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T; Glasbey, James C; Godos, Justyna; Goel, Amit; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goleij, Pouya; Golinelli, Davide; Golitaleb, Mohamad; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grosso, Giuseppe; Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudayu, Temesgen Worku; Guerra, Maximiliano Ribeiro; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga; Gupta, Bhawna; Gupta, Sapna; Gupta, VeerBala; Gupta, Vivek Kumar; Gurara, Mekdes Kondale; Guta, Alemu; Habibzadeh, Parham; Avval, Atlas Haddadi; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Ali, Adel Hajj; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Halboub, Esam S; Halimi, Aram; Halwani, Rabih; Hamadeh, Randah R; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hanif, Asif; Hariri, Sanam; Harlianto, Netanja; Haro, Josep Maria; Hartono, Risky Kusuma; Hasaballah, Ahmed; Hasan, SM Mahmudul; Hasani, Hamidreza; Hashemi, Seyedeh Melika; Hassan, Abbas M; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari, Mohammad; Heidarymeybodi, Zahra; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana; Herteliu, Claudiu; Hezam, Kamal; Hiraike, Yuta; Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni; Holla, Ramesh; Holm, Marianne; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hoseini, Mohammad; Hossain, Md Mahbub; Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar; Hosseinzadeh, Ali; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Huang, Junjie; Hugo, Fernando N; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Salman; Hussein, Nawfal R; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria; Ikuta, Kevin S; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M; Ilic, Milena D; Immurana, Mustapha; Innos, Kaire; Iranpour, Pooya; Irham, Lalu Muhammad; Islam, Md Shariful; Islam, Rakibul M; Islami, Farhad; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah; Isola, Gaetano; Iwagami, Masao; Merin, Linda J; Jaiswal, Abhishek; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalili, Mahsa; Jalilian, Shahram; Jamshidi, Elham; Jang, Sung-In; Jani, Chinmay T; Javaheri, Tahereh; Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh; Jayaram, Shubha; Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad; Jebai, Rime; Jemal, Bedru; Jeong, Wonjeong; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jindal, Har Ashish; John-Akinola, Yetunde O; Jonas, Jost B; Joo, Tamas; Joseph, Nitin; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jarisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama; Kadashetti, Vidya; Kahe, Farima; Kakodkar, Pradnya Vishal; Kalankesh, Leila R; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamal, Vineet Kumar; Kamangar, Farin; Kamath, Ashwin; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kandaswamy, Eswar; Kandel, Himal; Kang, HyeJung; Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel; Kapoor, Neeti; Kar, Sitanshu Sekhar; Karanth, Shama D; Karaye, Ibraheem M; Karch, AndrA; Karimi, Amirali; Kassa, Bekalu Getnet; Katoto, Patrick DMC; Kauppila, Joonas H; Kaur, Harkiran; Kebede, Abinet Gebremickael; Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila; Kejela, Gemechu Gemechu; Bohan, Phillip M Kemp; Keramati, Maryam; Keykhaei, Mohammad; Khajuria, Himanshu; Khan, Abbas; Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman; Ab Khan, Moien; Khanali, Javad; Khatab, Khaled; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat; Tabari, Mohammad Amin Khazeei; Khezeli, Mehdi; Khodadost, Mahmoud; Kim, Min Seo; Kim, Yun Jin; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Klugar, Miloslav; Klugarova, Jitka; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar; Kolkhir, Pavel; Kompani, Farzad; Koul, Parvaiz A; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane; Koyanagi, Ai; Krishan, Kewal; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kumar, Akshay; Kumar, G Anil; Kumar, Narinder; Kurmi, Om P; Kuttikkattu, Ambily; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lahiri, Arista; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lam, Judit; Lan, Qing; Landires, Ivan; Larijani, Bagher; Lasrado, Savita; Lau, Jerrald; Lauriola, Paolo; Ledda, Caterina; Lee, Sang-woong; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Lee, Wei-Chen; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Lee, Yo Han; Legesse, Samson Mideksa; Leigh, James; Leong, Elvynna; Li, Ming-Chieh; Lim, Stephen S; Liu, Gang; Liu, Jue; Lo, Chun-Han; Lohiya, Ayush; Lopukhov, Platon D; Lorenzovici, Laszla; Lotfi, Mojgan; Loureiro, Joana A; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Madadizadeh, Farzan; Mafi, Ahmad R; Magdeldin, Sameh; Mahjoub, Soleiman; Mahmoodpoor, Ata; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Mahmoudimanesh, Marzieh; Mahumud, Rashidul Alam; Majeed, Azeem; Majidpoor, Jamal; Makki, Alaa; Makris, Konstantinos Christos; Rad, Elaheh Malakan; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malik, Ahmad Azam; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain; Mallya, Sneha Deepak; Mamun, Mohammed A; Manda, Ana Laura; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni; Martini, Santi; Martorell, Miquel; Masoudi, Sahar; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Matei, Clara N; Mathews, Elezebeth; Mathur, Manu Raj; Mathur, Vasundhara; McKee, Martin; Meena, Jitendra Kumar; Mehmood, Khalid; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mehrotra, Ravi; Melese, Addisu; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G; Mengesha, SIsay Derso; Mensah, Laverne G; Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A; Mera-Mamian, Andry Yasmid Mera; Meretoja, Tuomo J; Merid, Mehari Woldemariam; 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doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author:

Khanh, Bao Tran

Lang, Justin J ; Compton, Kelly ; Xu, Rixing ; Acheson, Alistair R ; Henrikson, Hannah Jacqueline ; Kocarnik, Jonathan M ; Penberthy, Louise ; Aali, Amirali ; Abbas, Qamar ; Abbasi, Behzad ; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen ; Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab ; Abbastabar, Hedayat ; Abdelmasseh, Michael ; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief ; Abdelwahab, Ahmed Abdelwahab ; Abdoli, Gholamreza ; Abdulkadir, Hanan Abdulkadir ; Abedi, Aidin ; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein ; Abidi, Hassan ; Aboagye, Richard Gyan ; Abolhassani, Hassan ; Absalan, Abdorrahim ; Abtew, Yonas Derso ; Ali, Hiwa Abubaker ; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman ; Achappa, Basavaprabhu ; Acuna, Juan Manuel ; Addison, Daniel ; Addo, Isaac Yeboah ; Adegboye, Oyelola A ; Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun ; Adnan, Mohammad ; Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah ; Advani, Shailesh M ; Afrin, Sumia ; Afzal, Muhammad Sohail ; Aggarwal, Manik ; Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku ; Ahmad, Araz Ramazan ; Ahmad, Rizwan ; Ahmad, Sohail ; Ahmadi, Sepideh ; Ahmed, Haroon ; Ahmed, Luai A ; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir ; 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Ansha, Mustafa Geleto ; Antony, Benny ; Antwi, Maxwell Hubert ; Anwar, Sumadi Lukman ; Anwer, Razique ; Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward ; Arabloo, Jalal ; Arab-Zozani, Morteza ; Aremu, Olatunde ; Argaw, Ayele Mamo ; Ariffin, Hany ; Aripov, Timur ; Arshad, Muhammad ; Al, Artaman ; Arulappan, Judie ; Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo ; Aryannejad, Armin ; Asaad, Malke ; Asemahagn, Mulusew A ; Asemi, Zatollah ; Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad ; Ashraf, Tahira ; Assadi, Reza ; Athar, Mohammad ; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin ; Null, Maha Mohd Wahbi Atout ; Attia, Sameh ; Aujayeb, Avinash ; Ausloos, Marcel ; Avila-Burgos, Leticia ; Awedew, Atalel Fentahun ; Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew ; Awoke, Tewachew ; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala ; Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu ; Ayen, Solomon Shitu ; Azadi, Davood ; Null, Sina Azadnajafabad ; Azami-Aghdash, Saber ; Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye ; Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza ; Jafari, Amirhossein Azari ; Azizi, Hosein ; Azzam, Ahmed YY ; Babajani, Amirhesam ; Badar, Muhammad ; Badiye, Ashish D ; 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Darwesh, Aso Mohammad ; Das, Saswati ; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil ; Esmaeili, Elham Davtalab ; De la Hoz, Fernando Pio ; Debela, Sisay Abebe ; Dehghan, Azizallah ; Demisse, Biniyam ; Demisse, Fitsum Wolde ; DenovaGutiA, Edgar ; Derakhshani, Afshin ; Molla, Meseret Derbew ; Dereje, Diriba ; Deribe, Kalkidan Solomon ; Desai, Rupak ; Desalegn, Markos Desalegn ; Dessalegn, Fikadu Nugusu ; Dessalegni, Samuel Abebe A ; Dessie, Gashaw ; Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu ; Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman ; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda ; Dhimal, Meghnath ; Dianatinasab, Mostafa ; Diao, Nancy ; Diaz, Daniel ; Digesa, Lankamo Ena ; Dixit, Shilpi Gupta ; Doaei, Saeid ; Linh, Phuong Doan ; Doku, Paul Narh ; Dongarwar, Deepa ; dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque ; Driscoll, Tim Robert ; Dsouza, Haneil Larson ; Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher ; Edalati, Sareh ; Eghbalian, Fatemeh ; Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham ; Eini, Ebrahim ; Ekholuenetale, Michael ; Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus ; Ekwueme, Donatus U ; El Tantawi, Maha ; Elbahnasawy, Mostafa Ahmed ; Elbarazi, Iffat ; Elghazaly, Hesham ; Elhadi, Muhammed ; El-Huneidi, Waseem ; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan ; Bain, Luchuo Engelbert ; Enyew, Daniel Berhanie ; Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj ; Eshetu, Tegegne ; Eshrati, Babak ; Eskandarieh, Sharareh ; Espinosa-Montero, Juan ; Etaee, Farshid ; Etemadimanesh, Azin ; Eyayu, Tahir ; Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude ; Ezzikouri, Sayeh ; Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis ; Fahimi, Saman ; Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich ; Faraon, Emerito Jose A ; Fares, Jawad ; Farmany, Abbas ; Farooque, Umar ; Farrokhpour, Hossein ; Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara ; Fatehizadeh, Ali ; Fatima, Wafa ; Fattahi, Hamed ; Fekadu, Ginenus ; Feleke, Berhanu Elfu ; Ferrari, Allegra Allegra ; Ferrero, Simone ; Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro ; Filip, Irina ; Fischer, Florian ; Foroumadi, Roham ; Foroutan, Masoud ; Fukumoto, Takeshi ; Gaal, Peter Andras ; Gad, Mohamed M ; Gadanya, Muktar A ; Gaipov, Abduzhappar ; Galehdar, Nasrin ; Gallus, Silvano ; Garg, Tushar ; Fonseca, Mariana Gaspar ; Gebremariam, Yosef Haile ; Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru ; Gebremichael, Mathewos Alemu ; Geda, Yohannes Fikadu ; Gela, Yibeltal Yismaw ; Gemeda, Belete Negese Belete ; Getachew, Melaku ; Getachew, Motuma Erena ; Ghaffari, Kazem ; Ghafourifard, Mansour ; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi ; Nour, Mohammad Ghasemi ; Ghassemi, Fariba ; Ghimire, Ajnish ; Ghith, Nermin ; Gholamalizadeh, Maryam ; Navashenaq, Jamshid Gholizadeh ; Ghozy, Sherief ; Gilani, Syed Amir ; Gill, Paramjit Singh ; Ginindza, Themba G ; Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T ; Glasbey, James C ; Godos, Justyna ; Goel, Amit ; Golechha, Mahaveer ; Goleij, Pouya ; Golinelli, Davide ; Golitaleb, Mohamad ; Gorini, Giuseppe ; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia ; Grosso, Giuseppe ; Guadie, Habtamu Alganeh ; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen ; Gudayu, Temesgen Worku ; Guerra, Maximiliano Ribeiro ; Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga ; Gupta, Bhawna ; Gupta, Sapna ; Gupta, VeerBala ; Gupta, Vivek Kumar ; Gurara, Mekdes Kondale ; Guta, Alemu ; Habibzadeh, Parham ; Avval, Atlas Haddadi ; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima ; Ali, Adel Hajj ; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin ; Halboub, Esam S ; Halimi, Aram ; Halwani, Rabih ; Hamadeh, Randah R ; Hameed, Sajid ; Hamidi, Samer ; Hanif, Asif ; Hariri, Sanam ; Harlianto, Netanja ; Haro, Josep Maria ; Hartono, Risky Kusuma ; Hasaballah, Ahmed ; Hasan, SM Mahmudul ; Hasani, Hamidreza ; Hashemi, Seyedeh Melika ; Hassan, Abbas M ; Hassanipour, Soheil ; Hayat, Khezar ; Heidari, Golnaz ; Heidari, Mohammad ; Heidarymeybodi, Zahra ; Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana ; Herteliu, Claudiu ; Hezam, Kamal ; Hiraike, Yuta ; Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni ; Holla, Ramesh ; Holm, Marianne ; Horita, Nobuyuki ; Hoseini, Mohammad ; Hossain, Md Mahbub ; Hossain, Mohammad Bellal Hossain ; Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar ; Hosseinzadeh, Ali ; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi ; Hostiuc, Mihaela ; Hostiuc, Sorin ; Househ, Mowafa ; Huang, Junjie ; Hugo, Fernando N ; Humayun, Ayesha ; Hussain, Salman ; Hussein, Nawfal R ; Hwang, Bing-Fang ; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel ; Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria ; Ikuta, Kevin S ; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen ; Ilic, Irena M ; Ilic, Milena D ; Immurana, Mustapha ; Innos, Kaire ; Iranpour, Pooya ; Irham, Lalu Muhammad ; Islam, Md Shariful ; Islam, Rakibul M ; Islami, Farhad ; Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah ; Isola, Gaetano ; Iwagami, Masao ; Merin, Linda J ; Jaiswal, Abhishek ; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo ; Jalili, Mahsa ; Jalilian, Shahram ; Jamshidi, Elham ; Jang, Sung-In ; Jani, Chinmay T ; Javaheri, Tahereh ; Jayarajah, Umesh Umesh ; Jayaram, Shubha ; Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad ; Jebai, Rime ; Jemal, Bedru ; Jeong, Wonjeong ; Jha, Ravi Prakash ; Jindal, Har Ashish ; John-Akinola, Yetunde O ; Jonas, Jost B ; Joo, Tamas ; Joseph, Nitin ; Joukar, Farahnaz ; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy ; Jarisson, Mikk ; Kabir, Ali ; Kacimi, Salah Eddine Oussama ; Kadashetti, Vidya ; Kahe, Farima ; Kakodkar, Pradnya Vishal ; Kalankesh, Leila R ; Kalhor, Rohollah ; Kamal, Vineet Kumar ; Kamangar, Farin ; Kamath, Ashwin ; Kanchan, Tanuj ; Kandaswamy, Eswar ; Kandel, Himal ; Kang, HyeJung ; Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel ; Kapoor, Neeti ; Kar, Sitanshu Sekhar ; Karanth, Shama D ; Karaye, Ibraheem M ; Karch, AndrA ; Karimi, Amirali ; Kassa, Bekalu Getnet ; Katoto, Patrick DMC ; Kauppila, Joonas H ; Kaur, Harkiran ; Kebede, Abinet Gebremickael ; Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila ; Kejela, Gemechu Gemechu ; Bohan, Phillip M Kemp ; Keramati, Maryam ; Keykhaei, Mohammad ; Khajuria, Himanshu ; Khan, Abbas ; Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan ; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad ; Khan, Gulfaraz ; Khan, Md Nuruzzaman ; Ab Khan, Moien ; Khanali, Javad ; Khatab, Khaled ; Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad ; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli ; Khayamzadeh, Maryam ; Kashani, Hamid Reza Khayat ; Tabari, Mohammad Amin Khazeei ; Khezeli, Mehdi ; Khodadost, Mahmoud ; Kim, Min Seo ; Kim, Yun Jin ; Kisa, Adnan ; Kisa, Sezer ; Klugar, Miloslav ; Klugarova, Jitka ; Kolahi, Ali-Asghar ; Kolkhir, Pavel ; Kompani, Farzad ; Koul, Parvaiz A ; Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane ; Koyanagi, Ai ; Krishan, Kewal ; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj ; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk ; Kugbey, Nuworza ; Kulimbet, Mukhtar ; Kumar, Akshay ; Kumar, G Anil ; Kumar, Narinder ; Kurmi, Om P ; Kuttikkattu, Ambily ; La Vecchia, Carlo ; Lahiri, Arista ; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar ; Lam, Judit ; Lan, Qing ; Landires, Ivan ; Larijani, Bagher ; Lasrado, Savita ; Lau, Jerrald ; Lauriola, Paolo ; Ledda, Caterina ; Lee, Sang-woong ; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey ; Lee, Wei-Chen ; Lee, Yeong Yeh ; Lee, Yo Han ; Legesse, Samson Mideksa ; Leigh, James ; Leong, Elvynna ; Li, Ming-Chieh ; Lim, Stephen S ; Liu, Gang ; Liu, Jue ; Lo, Chun-Han ; Lohiya, Ayush ; Lopukhov, Platon D ; Lorenzovici, Laszla ; Lotfi, Mojgan ; Loureiro, Joana A ; Lunevicius, Raimundas ; Madadizadeh, Farzan ; Mafi, Ahmad R ; Magdeldin, Sameh ; Mahjoub, Soleiman ; Mahmoodpoor, Ata ; Mahmoudi, Morteza ; Mahmoudimanesh, Marzieh ; Mahumud, Rashidul Alam ; Majeed, Azeem ; Majidpoor, Jamal ; Makki, Alaa ; Makris, Konstantinos Christos ; Rad, Elaheh Malakan ; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza ; Malekzadeh, Reza ; Malik, Ahmad Azam ; Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain ; Mallya, Sneha Deepak ; Mamun, Mohammed A ; Manda, Ana Laura ; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz ; Mansouri, Borhan ; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali ; Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni ; Martini, Santi ; Martorell, Miquel ; Masoudi, Sahar ; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra ; Matei, Clara N ; Mathews, Elezebeth ; Mathur, Manu Raj ; Mathur, Vasundhara ; McKee, Martin ; Meena, Jitendra Kumar ; Mehmood, Khalid ; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi ; Mehrotra, Ravi ; Melese, Addisu ; Mendoza, Walter ; Menezes, Ritesh G ; Mengesha, SIsay Derso ; Mensah, Laverne G ; Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A ; Mera-Mamian, Andry Yasmid Mera ; Meretoja, Tuomo J ; Merid, Mehari Woldemariam ; Mersha, Amanual Getnet ; Meselu, Belsity Temesgen ; Meshkat, Mahboobeh ; Mestrovic, Tomislav ; Jonasson, Junmei Miao ; Miazgowski, Tomasz ; Michalek, Irmina Maria ; Mijena, Gelana Fekadu Worku ; Miller, Ted R ; Mir, Shabir Ahmad ; Mirinezhad, Seyed Kazem ; Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq ; Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad ; Mirzaei, Hamed ; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza ; Misganaw, Abay Sisay ; Misra, Sanjeev ; AbdulmuhsinMohammad, Karzan ; Mohammadi, Esmaeil ; Mohammadi, Mokhtar ; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah ; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza ; Mohammed, Arif ; Mohammed, Shafiu ; Mohan, Syam ; Mohseni, Mohammad ; Moka, Nagabhishek ; Mokdad, Ali H ; Molassiotis, Alex ; Molokhia, Mariam ; Momenzadeh, Kaveh ; Momtazmanesh, Sara ; Monasta, Lorenzo ; Mons, Ute ; Al Montasir, Ahmed ; Montazeri, Fateme ; Montero, Arnulfo ; Moosavi, Mohammad Amin ; Moradi, Abdolvahab ; Moradi, Yousef ; Sarabi, Mostafa Moradi ; Moraga, Paula ; Morawska, Lidia ; Morrison, Shane Douglas ; Morze, Jakub ; Mosapour, Abbas ; Mostafavi, Ebrahim ; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam ; Isfahani, Haleh Mousavi ; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi ; Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine ; Mubarik, Sumaira ; Mulita, Francesk ; Munblit, Daniel ; Munro, Sandra B ; Murillo-Zamora, Efran ; Musa, Jonah ; Nabhan, Ashraf F ; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman ; Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad ; Nagel, Gabriele ; Naghipour, Mohammadreza ; Naimzada, Mukhammad David ; Nair, Tapas Sadasivan ; Naqvi, Atta Abbas ; Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha ; Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod ; Nassereldine, Hasan ; Natto, Zuhair S ; Nayak, Biswa Prakash ; Ndejjo, Rawlance ; Nduaguba, Sabina Onyinye ; Negash, Wogene Wogene ; Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria ; Nejati, Kazem ; Kandel, Sandhya Neupane ; Huy, Van Nguyen Nguyen ; Niazi, Robina Khan ; Noor, Nurulamin M ; Noori, Maryam ; Noroozi, Nafise ; Nouraei, Hasti ; Nowroozi, Ali ; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia ; Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe ; Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet ; Oancea, Bogdan ; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade ; Oghenetega, Onome Bright ; Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer ; Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru ; Oh, In-Hwan ; Okati-Aliabad, Hassan ; Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul ; Olagunju, Andrew T ; Olagunju, Tinuke O ; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun ; Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa ; Omer, Emad ; Omonisi, Abidemi E Emmanuel ; Ong, Sokking ; Onwujekwe, Obinna E ; Orru, Hans ; Otstavnov, Stanislav S ; Oulhaj, Abderrahim ; Oumer, Bilcha ; Owopetu, Oluwatomi Funbi ; Oyinloye, Babatunji Emmanuel ; Mahesh, PA ; Padron-Monedero, Alicia ; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao ; Pakbin, Babak ; Pakshir, Keyvan ; Pakzad, Reza ; Palicz, Tamas ; Pana, Adrian ; Pandey, Ashok ; Pant, Suman ; Pardhan, Shahina ; Park, Eun-Kee ; Park, Seoyeon ; Patel, Jay ; Pati, Siddhartha ; Paudel, Rajan ; Paudel, Uttam ; Paun, Mihaela ; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki ; Peng, Minjin ; Pereira, Jeevan ; Pereira, Renato B ; Perna, Simone ; Perumalsamy, Navaraj ; Pestell, Richard G ; Pezzani, Raffaele ; Piccinelli, Cristiano ; Pillay, Julian David ; Piracha, Zahra Zahid ; Pischon, Tobias ; Postma, Maarten J ; Langroudi, Ashkan Pourabhari ; Pourshams, Akram ; Pourtaheri, Naeimeh ; Prashant, Akila ; Qadir, Mirza Muhammad Fahd ; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi ; Rabiee, Mohammad ; Rabiee, Navid ; Radfar, Amir ; Radhakrishnan, Raghu Anekal ; Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman ; Raeisi, Mojtaba ; Rafiee, Ata ; Rafiei, Alireza ; Raheem, Nasiru ; Rahim, Fakher ; Rahman, Md Obaidur ; Rahman, Mosiur ; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz ; Rahmani, Amir Masoud ; Rahmani, Shayan ; Rahmanian, Vahid ; Rajai, Nazanin ; Rajesh, Aashish ; Ram, Pradhum ; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana ; Rana, Juwel ; Ranabhat, Kamal ; Ranasinghe, Priyanga ; Rao, Chythra R ; Rao, Sowmya J ; Rashedi, Sina ; Rashidi, Amirfarzan ; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi ; Ratan, Zubair Ahmed ; Rawaf, David Laith ; Rawaf, Salman ; Rawal, Lal ; Rawassizadeh, Reza ; Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh ; Rehman, Ashfaq Ur ; Rehman, Inayat Ur ; Reitsma, Marissa B ; Renzaho, Andre MN ; Rezaei, Maryam ; Rezaei, Nima ; Rezaei, Saeid ; Rezaeian, Mohsen ; Rezapour, Aziz ; Riad, Abanoub ; Rikhtegar, Reza ; Rios-Blancas, Maria ; Roberts, Thomas J ; Rohloff, Peter ; Romero-Rodriguez, Esperanza ; Roshandel, Gholamreza ; Rwegerera, Godfrey M ; Manjula, S ; Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed ; Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Bahar ; Sabour, Siamak ; Saddik, Basema ; Sadeghi, Erfan ; Saeb, Mohammad Reza ; Saeed, Umar ; Safaei, Mohsen ; Safary, Azam ; Sahebazzamani, Maryam ; Sahebkar, Amirhossein ; Sahoo, Harihar ; Sajid, Mirza Rizwan ; Salari, Hedayat ; Salehi, Sana ; Salem, Marwa Rashad ; Salimzadeh, Hamideh ; Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo ; Samy, Abdallah M ; Sanabria, Juan ; Sankararaman, Senthilkumar ; Sanmarchi, Francesco ; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M ; Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem ; Sarveazad, Arash ; Sarvi, Fatemeh ; Sathian, Brijesh ; Satpathy, Maheswar ; Sayegh, Nicolas ; Schneider, Ione Jayce Ceola ; Schwarzinger, Michael ; Sekerija, Mario ; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian ; Sepanlou, Sadaf G ; Seylani, Allen ; Seyoum, Kenbon ; Sha, Feng ; Shafaat, Omid ; Shah, Pritik A ; Shahabi, Saeed ; Shahid, Izza ; Shahrbaf, Mohammad Amin ; Shahsavari, Hamid R ; Shaikh, Masood Ali ; Shaka, Mohammed Feyisso ; Shaker, Elaheh ; Shannawaz, Mohammed ; Sharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew ; Sharifi, Azam ; Sharifi-Rad, Javad ; Sharma, Purva ; Shashamo, Bereket Beyene ; Sheikh, Aziz ; Sheikh, Mahdi ; Sheikhbahaei, Sara ; Sheikhi, Rahim Ali ; Sheikhy, Ali ; Shepherd, Peter Robin ; Shetty, Adithi ; Shetty, Jeevan K ; Shetty, Ranjitha S ; Shibuya, Kenji ; Shirkoohi, Reza ; Shirzad-Aski, Hesamaddin ; Shivakumar, KM ; Shivalli, Siddharudha ; 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Keywords:

COVID-19, DEATHS, General & Internal Medicine, HEALTH, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, LIFE-STYLE, Medicine, General & Internal, MODIFIABLE FACTORS, OBESITY, Science & Technology, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, UK, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Smoking, GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, 32 Biomedical and clinical sciences, 42 Health sciences

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.