Author:

Keywords:

Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Physical Sciences, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Chemistry, Multidisciplinary, Chemistry, short chain fatty acid, immune system, T cell, intervention, RCT, DISTAL ULCERATIVE-COLITIS, MICROBIAL METABOLITES, MULTIPLE-SCLEROSIS, TH17 CELLS, GUT, BUTYRATE, INFLAMMATION, FERMENTATION, ARTHRITIS, RESPONSES, Bacteria, Butyrates, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Humans, 0399 Other Chemical Sciences, 0604 Genetics, 0699 Other Biological Sciences, Chemical Physics, 3101 Biochemistry and cell biology, 3107 Microbiology, 3404 Medicinal and biomolecular chemistry

Abstract:

The gut microbiota encodes a broad range of enzymes capable of synthetizing various metabolites, some of which are still uncharacterized. One well-known class of microbiota-derived metabolites are the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate. SCFAs have long been considered a mere waste product of bacterial metabolism. Novel results have challenged this long-held dogma, revealing a central role for microbe-derived SCFAs in gut microbiota-host interaction. SCFAs are bacterial signaling molecules that act directly on host T lymphocytes by reprogramming their metabolic activity and epigenetic status. They have an essential biological role in promoting differentiation of (intestinal) regulatory T cells and in production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). These small molecules can also reach the circulation and modulate immune cell function in remote tissues. In experimental models of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis or diabetes, a strong therapeutic potential of SCFAs through the modulation of effector T cell function was observed. In this review, we discuss current research activities toward understanding a relevance of microbial SCFA for treating autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies from in vitro to human studies.