Author:

Keywords:

Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Clinical Neurology, Neurosciences, Neurosciences & Neurology, Pain-related fear, fear conditioning, fear generalization, fear extinction, conceptual generalization, category-learning, CHRONIC MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN, MOVEMENT-RELATED PAIN, ANXIETY DISORDERS, AVOIDANCE MODEL, EXPOSURE, ACQUISITION, CONTEXT, RETURN, FIBROMYALGIA, REDUCTION, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Concept Formation, Conditioning, Classical, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Generalization, Psychological, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Young Adult, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Anesthesiology, 3202 Clinical sciences, 4202 Epidemiology

Abstract:

In chronic pain, pain-related fear seems to overgeneralize to safe stimuli, thus contributing to excessive fear and avoidance behavior. Evidence shows that pain-related fear can be acquired and generalized based on conceptual knowledge. Using a fear conditioning paradigm, we investigated whether this concept-based pain-related fear could also be extinguished. During acquisition, exemplars of 1 action category (conditioned stimuli [CSs]; eg, opening boxes) were followed by pain (CS+), whereas exemplars of another action category were not (CS–; eg, closing boxes). Participants reported more pain-related fear and expectancy toward exemplars of the CS+ category compared with those of the CS– category. During generalization, fear and expectancy spread to novel exemplars (generalization stimuli [GSs]) of the CS+ category (GS+), but not to those of the CS– category (GS–). During extinction, exemplars of both categories were presented in the absence of pain. At the end of extinction, participants no longer reported elevated fear or expectancy toward CS+ exemplars compared to CS– exemplars. These findings were not replicated in either the eye-blink startle or skin conductance measures. This is the first study to demonstrate extinction of concept-based pain-related fear, thus providing evidence for the potential of extinction-based techniques in the treatment of conceptual pain-related fear. Perspective This study demonstrates the acquisition, generalization, and extinction of concept-based pain-related fear in healthy participants. These are the first results to show that concept-based pain-related fear can be extinguished, suggesting that conceptual relationships between fear-inducing stimuli may also be important to consider in clinical practice.