Author:

Keywords:

Science & Technology, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Neurosciences, Neurosciences & Neurology, basal optic nucleus, AMPA, GABA, direction-sensitivity, retinal slip, VISUAL-RESPONSE PROPERTIES, MEDIAL TERMINAL NUCLEUS, DIRECTION SELECTIVITY, EYE-MOVEMENTS, BRAIN-STEM, NEURONS, TRACT, RAT, PIGEON, PROJECTIONS, 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate, 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, Animals, Bicuculline, Brain, Electric Stimulation, Electrophysiology, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists, Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, Eye, GABA Antagonists, GABA-A Receptor Antagonists, In Vitro Techniques, Interneurons, Neural Inhibition, Ocular Physiological Phenomena, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Photic Stimulation, Receptors, AMPA, Receptors, GABA-A, Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, Synaptic Transmission, Turtles, Vision, Ocular, Visual Pathways, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, 3209 Neurosciences

Abstract:

The accessory optic system of the turtle (the basal optic nucleus, BON) receives both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are direction-sensitive. When the dorsal midbrain is ablated, only the monosynaptic direction-sensitive input from the retina to the BON remains. To better understand the central visual processing performed by the accessory optic system, this study identifies the neurotransmitters and their receptors that mediate the synaptic excitation and inhibition of BON cells. We used a reduced in vitro turtle brainstem preparation in which the two eyes and brain were isolated pharmacologically. Patch recordings were made on BON neurons while drugs were applied to the brain, with the eyes bathed in control media and either exposed to visual pattern motion or subjected to electrical stimulation. An antagonist of the AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) subtype of glutamate receptor applied within the brain chamber blocked the visual responses. In response to electrical stimulation both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic events were blocked in BON cells, presumably by blocking direct excitation by retinal ganglion cell axons in the BON and indirect excitation of inhibitory interneurons elsewhere in the brainstem. An NMDA receptor antagonist was ineffective, even when the response was measured in a BON cell depolarized in Mg(2+)-free media. A GABA(A) receptor on the BON cell mediates the inhibitory responses to retinal stimulation. Injection of lidocaine into the contralateral eye caused an increase in spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSPs), suggesting that a tonic retinal output exists that reduces brainstem inhibition of BON cells. Also, there may be tonic inhibition of an excitatory path to BON neurons from within the brainstem, because bicuculline increased spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) observed in a BON cell without retinal input. These results indicate that the BON is a site of complex visual processing of competing visual signals and provide insight into how an interaction of excitation and inhibition creates a retinal slip signal in the accessory optic system.